XVI Міжнародної наукової конференції "Китайська цивілізація: традиції та сучасність"
Kiev, 30 November
Modern model of the socio-economic development of China
CHINA, FROM NEW DEMOCRACY TOWARD ECOLOGICAL SOCIALISM
AND ECOCIVILIZATION
Keywords: Philosophy of Nature, Political Philosophy, Environmental
crisis, New Era
If the People’s Republic
of China represents a new historical experience of democracy and socialism, the
Western conceptual framework of political hermeneutics is not adequate to
understand Peoples Republic of China_ PRCh.
This research analyses
the political philospheme of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics_ New
Democracy, Ecological Socialism and Ecocivilization, from their classical
roots. Ecological Socialism and Ecological Civilization are two new concepts of
political philosophy, associated with the concept of New Era, that remain
insufficiently studied around the world. Western model of industrial
modernization (in the West and in the USSR) historically resulted in
serious conflicts with the environment and natural resources. In this sense,
the ecological wisdom heritage of Chinese civilization is an important
component of the project of ecological civilization. The environmental crisis
led PRCh to a new process of reform, Ecological Socialism, spread by the
slogans Beautiful China and the Chinese Dream.
This essay wants to
characterize the environmental transformation of PRCh in the 20th/ 21st
centuries, considering four periods:
1949-1976. The period
of agrarian reform. extension and industrialization of agriculture and the
construction of infrastructure and basic industries.
1976-2005. The reform
and opening up period, giving priority to economic and urban growth and energy
and technological development, based on coal, relocation, from the West to
China, many the polluting industries and the expansion of economy without
sustainability.
2005-2015. The period
of the transition to an ecological economy, to the ecological socialist society
and to the Beautiful China.
2016-…The
pilot regions of Eco Civilization. The case-study of Autonomous Region of Xinjiang.
This
research intends to characterize the theorical contributions from the domain of
political philosophy of CPC and National People's Congress to overcoming the
environmental crisis in China:
Sustainable development was recognized as the scientific concept of
development at the 16th CPC National Congress in 2003. President Hu Jintao
declared the goal of building Ecological Civilization at the 17th
CPC National Congress in 2007. It then became the guiding thought for the
economic and social development of PRC, understood as a balanced development
between urban and rural areas, between man and nature, and between different
generations...
The concept of "building ecological civilization" was added to
the statutes during the 18th CPC Congress in 2012, at the initiative of
President Xi Jinping. In 2013, President Xi said: "We will never seek
economic growth again at the expense of the environment."
In the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) Ecological Development became one of
the five principles of development after the Central Committee and the Council
of State published guidelines to accelerate the construction of ecological
civilization.
Fujian Province has been chosen as a pilot zone for the demonstration of
ecological civilization at the province level, with other pilot projects in
Jiangxi Province, Yunnan Province, Qinghai Province, Guizhou Province,
Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
In the historical moment when the wars and the economic crises, are the
pretext of governs to forget the political and ethical imperative of fight
against the environmental crises, as says the Secretary General of United
Nations: Fossil fuel companies and the banks that finance them “have
humanity by the throat”, pulling in record profits amid energy prices. When
António Guterres also criticized governments that are
failing to rein in fossil fuels, and in many cases seeking increased production
of gas, oil and even coal, the dirtiest fossil fuel and nuclear energy, the
most dangerous. PRCh represents one of the most promises world's hope to
demonstrate that there are an alternative, the ecological, democratic, and socialist
innovation, the path of peace and
multilateral cooperation.
From this framework, Ecological Civilization represents a new humanism, without the domination of nature. Having transcended industrial civilization, the ecological civilization will represent a more advanced state of human civilization.
If the People’s Republic of China represents a
new historical experience of democracy and socialism, the Western conceptual
framework of political hermeneutics is not adequate to understand Peoples
Republic of China_ PRCh.
New Democracy, Socialism with Chinese
Characteristics_ Ecological Socialism and Ecocivilization, from their classical
roots. are new concepts of political philosophy, associated with the concept of
New Era, that remain insufficiently studied around the world.
The first program for the New China, was the
program of the revolution of 1911, proposed by Sun Yat-sen: The San Min Doctrine. ‘Nationalism, Democracy,
and Livelihood”, A big idea, that came for the classics, cross this program:.
The Chinese people are great peace-lovers.
Indeed, our people are the only people in the world who are real peace-lovers.
All other big nations are imperialistic and warlike.
For the intellectuals of the first Republic,
liberal democracy, the other face of colonialism and imperialism, could not
be the Chinese democracy.
Sun Yat-sen release that the Russian revolution
changed the world, and a new type of democracy could emerge in any country and
call to the Kuomintang all national political forces, including CPC. When a
military coup take the Kuomintang, Soong Ching-ling, the widow of Sun, took
command of the democratic and revolutionary wing and continue to support the
alliance with communists and USSR. She will be the first woman´s president of
Peoples Republic Of China
Three different ways was opened to the
republican revolution in China:
The way of militarist and anti-liberal
Kuomintang, thar said China was a semi
feudal country, without an elite capable to control an enormous mass of peasants, and only a nationalist
warlord could accomplish the
providential mission to command China
toward modernity.
The III International Communist, considering
the historical gap of productive forces of China, believe the Chinese revolution must achieve a
first stage, the full defeat of warlords and feudal lords, and bring a liberal
democracy to China.
But will be the patriotic war
against Japan’s invasion, that congregate the Chinese nation in a large Popular
Front, including all the wings of Kuomintang, that create the conditions of the rising of a new democratic regime, based in the popular
assemblies, from where was elected a three parties’ government: Communists,
nationalists of Kuomintang and
representative of common people.
After the defeat of Japan, the wing
anti liberal of Kuomintang, abandon the
govern of colligation govern, and sure
of their miliary superiority_ a modern army with more of 5.million of
troops, supported by the marines and aviation of USA, face the Read Army,
around one million of soldiers. But the Kuomintang army was defeat.
What was the main gun that devasted
the army of Kuomintang? A political weapon. In 1947, the communist party and
eight democratic parties, representatives
of all the social classes of China, approved in a national conference,
the law of Agrarian Reform. A agrarian reform very different of the soviet
reform. The middle peasants and the rich
peasants and landlords, that wish plant
and grow, remains as the owners of land.
In the international field, China will
co-founder of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights. UDHR was adopted by the UN on 1948, was drafted by J. P.
Humphrey of Canada and Dr. P.C. Chang,
representative of China and mediator of Asian countries, the main negotiator of
the consensus established in its 30 articles. Eleanor Roosevelt
enthusiastically supported her. Labor rights, economic democracy, the right of
nations to dispose of themselves. Self-determination and independence. Refusal
of hegemonism and social
discrimination…they have been elevated to the condition of fundamental human
rights and, as such, are incompatible with the political nature and evolution
of liberal democracies.
Indeed, USA, United Kingdom, France,
were colonialist countries and racial discrimination was institutionalized and
was practiced in the metropolis and in the colonies. So, the propaganda of Cold
War need to subvert and distort the
principles of the original UDHR. Today, In the
West, human rights are reduced to
some civil and political rights, such as freedom of expression, the right to a
fair trial, the right not to be tortured.
But it ends there.
The collage of Cold War propaganda
linking political Human Rights with the model of liberal democracy, it was a
fallacy. What Article 21 of UDHR prescribes is the way to citizenship and the
diversity of democratic regimes, which recognizes no superiority to liberal
democracy. Article 21º of UDHR open the gate of new democracies and History can
walk again to realize all the dreams and Human Utopias.
The same colligation of 8 democratic
parties and CPC, founded in 1949 the Peoples Republic of China, including the
30 articles of UDHR in the first Constitution
draf.
The New Democracy program confiscated only the
monopolies_ the bureaucratic capital of the "four families", ended
the privileges of the foreign capital that took over three-quarters of China's
industry and transport, reversed the requisitions, occupations and
expropriations that the Japanese occupation imposed on businessmen and
landowners and abolished feudal exploitation in the countryside.
CPC was then the most important party, but in
the Constitution the principle of
consultation and the right of all
parties integrate the Comities leaders of National People Assembly and
Consultive Conference, was guaranteed.
“Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” will
be defined in the Constitution as the system of multiparty cooperation and
political consultation, popular assemblies,
and harmonious ethnicity, but also a new economic system, with the
coexistence of several types of propriety, predominance of public property on
the fundamental sectors and the redistribution of land propriety in benefice of
350 million of peasants.
Western model of industrial modernization (in
the West and in the USSR) historically resulted in serious conflicts with
the environment and natural resources. The environmental crisis led PRCh to a
new process of reform, Ecological Socialism, spread by the slogans Beautiful
China and the Chinese Dream.
Sustainable development was recognized
as the scientific concept of development at
in 2003. President Hu Jintao declared the goal of building Ecological
Civilization at the in 2007 year.
The concept of "building
ecological civilization" was added to the statutes during the 18th CPC
Congress in 2012, at the initiative of President Xi Jinping."
Is true that China is the first
responsible by the atmospheric
pollution? If we considers the historical process and the per capita
ratio, the answer is no. If we consider
CO2 emissions along the period 1850-2016, USA is the first responsible,
the doble of China and EU countries represent much more of PRC. If we consider
the per capita measure, in the top are the Arabian countries, USA and
Deutschland, and countries as India gives a reduced contribution to global
warming. The data source is EU data (Global Watch).
Fujian Province was chosen as a pilot
zone for the demonstration of ecological civilization at the province level,
with other pilot projects in Jiangxi Province, Yunnan Province, Quinchai
Province, Guizhou Province, Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
The concentration of capital created national
and international giant monopolies, in all branches of economy and finance,
where the administration and CEO lost the concept of homeland; they firstly
enhancing accountability to shareholders. Environmental damages are socialized,
and profits privatized. It is questionable that can achieve the harmony between
man and nature in their own countries and in global competition.
The two-fowling thesis, from CPC, can systematize the perspective of the
dialectic socialism and ecological civilization:
An ecological civilization is possible only
with socialism. Ecological civilization represents a new humanism, without the
domination of nature.
Having transcended the industrial civilization,
the ecological civilization represents a more advanced state of human
civilization.
The economic key of socialist market is a
modern version of the principle of inaction of Taoism, and it is equivalent to
the Confucian ideal of ruler, someone who reigns but does not decide, in the
sense that it does not decide against the laws of the market. But, when the
marked fails, is necessaire the intervention of the governance.
In 2014 IMF and World Bank, concerning the
Power Purchasing Parity of PIB, announce
that Chinese PPP overpass USA, place
that this country occupied since 1872.PPP is the indicator of the levels of welfare of the people. In 2020,
China eradicate the extreme poverty, a long march to 850.000 peoples.
Concerning the international treaties, the superiority of Chinese proposes are the
access to low interest credit for all countries, the respect for the sovereign decision of
each one on the choice of their strategic projects and the position of China as a partner that does
not seek the hegemony.
The message of the XX Congress of CPC to the world economy is innovation, to the
growth of internal market and international cooperation, but fist of all, a new
international order for peace, based in the democratic reform of UN and in the
Principle of Indivisible Security.
This principle is in line with the principles
of the UN, is committed to respect for the sovereignty and integrity of all countries, advocates
non-interference in their internal affairs and respects the different political
and social regimes chosen by the history of their peoples.
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Santos Queirós, A.
ORCID iD 0000-0002-1241-5831
Doctor of Philosophy Of Sciences, Professor
Researcher of Environmental Philosophy and Ethics
Center of Philosophy of University of Lisbon
School of Arts and Humanities of the University of Lisbon
Portugal
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