Assista no YouToube https://youtu.be/ahdb3kHVb8U
16th Annual International Conference on Mediterranean Studies, 3-6 April 2023, Athens, Greece
Athens Institute for
Education and Research
This essay wants to discuss the environmental crises,
from the perspective that it is a civilizational crisis. And the project of
China Ecocivilization, on the light of political philosophy.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights_ UN 1948,
will be revisited from an historical and critique perspective. The UN Stockholm
Conference 1972 that, for the first time, recognized and characterized the
environmental crises, will be the subject of a critical review.
I.
China is
co-founder of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights _ UDHR
The resolution of UN was adopted on 10 December in the
year one thousand nine hundred and forty-eight (A/RES/217), drafted by J. P.
Humphrey from Canada and P.C. Chang,
representative of China and mediator of Asian countries, the main negotiator of
the consensus of its 30 articles.
Eleanor Roosevelt enthusiastically supported her. But,
US, United Kingdom, France, don’t respected the fundamental articles of UN
Human Rights_ see the initial 1-5 ( one to the five articles), because was
colonialist countries and gender and racial discrimination was
institutionalized, and they was the social practice in the metropolis and in
the colonies.
Labor rights, economic democracy, the right of nations
to dispose of themselves. Self-determination and independence. Refusal of
hegemonism and a new era, of peaceful
and justice …they have been elevated to the condition of fundamental human
rights and, are incompatible with the political nature and evolution of liberal
democracies.
However, people around the world don’t now the
substance, the original document and the historical conditions where was
drafted.
The propaganda of Cold War needs to subvert and distort
the principles of the original UN Human Rights.
The consequence is that in the U.S. (and the West),
human rights are reduced at formal civil and political rights. But it ends there.
What Article 21 of UN Human Rights prescribes is the
way to citizenship and the diversity of democratic regimes. Article 21º open
the gate of new democracies and History can walk again to realize all the
dreams and Human Utopias. For China, the Chinese dream, one China, beautiful
China, a New Era for humankind. Consequently, the collage of Cold War propaganda linking political
Human Rights with the model of liberal democracy, it is a fallacy.
Our research does a comparative study between the Constitutional text of PRC and the Declaration. Articles (eighteen)18, 19 and 20…all of them,
are saved in the Article 35 (thirty-five) of the Constitution of PRCh:
“Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the
press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.”
On other hand, the agrarian revolution in China
realized the Article 17 (seventeen) of UN Human Rights to 350 (three hundred
fifty) millions of peasants.
Articles 22 to 27, establish Labor Rights, Welfare, Education and Culture. Recent China
proposes at United Nations Human Rights Council enphatize that “The rights to
subsistence and development are the primary, basic human rights.”
In response to the UN Vienna Declaration the Chinese
government has made and carried out successive National Human Rights Action
Plans, delivering the Two Assurances and
Three Guarantees, for all people, in 2020. The "Two Assurances" refer
to the necessary food and clothing. And the "three guarantees" refer
to compulsory education, basic medical treatment, and housing security. They
don’t exist in liberal democracies.
PRCh eradicated from the extreme poverty 850 M (eight
five hundred million) people and achieved the higher Power Purchasing Parity. Progressively, the PRCh Constitution turn real to
common people all the articles of UN Human Rights, and design the international policy of China,
since the 5 principles of peaceful coexistence to The Global Security
Initiative for Peace guided by the
Principle of Indivisible Security. These principles are in conformity with the
fundaments of peace and dignity that are expressed in the Preamble and in the
articles 28º, 29º and 30 º of UN Human Rights.
We can observe a first conclusion: Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, improved in the Constitution and on the political
practice the Universal Declaration of
Human, and enlarged them toward the ecological socialism and EcoCivilization.
II. China, it is at
the helm of Global governance of human rights.
The classic division between the West philosophy and
the Oriental philosophy concerning the issue of nature will be analyzed to
discovery fundamental differences and common principles and moral rules.
On the framework of political philosophy, common
responsibilities of liberal democracies and socialist democracies regarding the
genesis and evolution of environmental crisis, will be also analyzed and the
dominant fallacies criticized.
“Toward a new economy of heritage, on the light of
ecological socialism."
To the Greek philosopher Aristoteles, only on the
city-state human beings attains the supreme virtue, the wisdom.
Mencius connected moral progress with a better
knowledge of nature. And Lao Zi wrote to
respect the intrinsic laws of nature and things: When the Tao is absent from
the Universe, war horses are created at the door of cities.
Those principles will be reintegrated in the modern
environmental philosophy. The critique of anthropocentrism, and the critique of
ethnocentrism, re-thinking the concept of a sustainable country on a
sustainable world.
First UN environmental conference, held in Stockholm
in 1972, create new ethical imperatives: all the Earth is a
“common house” "… man have two homelands, his own and Earth";
enlarging the concept of community, biotic and abiotic, reintegrating the human
being into nature, without no privileges_ with the critique of
anthropocentrism.
On the light of environmental philosophy, we could
consider two dilemmatic scenarios to the modern civilization:
(1) City it is the supreme creation of human civilization.
But, according to ecology, the green scenario only
exists when the city functions are an integral part of the global biosphere
ecosystem. If not…
(2) The city destroys and demean the basic conditions
on which dignity and human life depend.
This dark scenery is inevitable if cities are governed
as something separate from its own life-support systems.
China says that the dilemma corresponds to the
historical evolution of liberal democracies and the first experiences of
socialism, and, in the other side, the Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,
with the historical turn up to the ecological socialism and the project of
ecocivilization.
The modern social citizenship, aesthetical and moral values,
of the middle class, are over the influence of Environmental Philosophy and
their Ethics, and, in the field of economy, are now largely redirected to the
products of cultural tourism and tourism of nature, includes a new global
concept about cultural landscape, rural and
urban.
The concept of urban landscape cannot be reduced to a
visual direction and includes several dimensions, aesthetics, and ethics: the
renaissance of the harmony with man and the cultural landscape, embraces the tactile appeal, feeling, the
kinesthetic pleasure, the natural sings, and songs of nature…
What means that every city needs to preserve and
enlarge, inside the urban territory, the
biological chains, the green lungs_ woodland, wooded boundaries, hedges,
thickets, wet, dry, or low-yield pastures, but also integrated watershed on a
global planification, a characteristic of socialism but not of the liberal
states. Because is not enough to create the conditions to a low carbon management, it is necessaire
preserve the fresh water, the healthy food and clean air.
Technological evolution of giant airplanes and navy
cruces, bring to the city’s new sources of danger pollution, not well
researched.
I remember Francisco Caldeira Cabral, international
leader of landscape architect association: “Is time to say that if the city is
essential to the organisation of society and the progress of mankind, if the
industry has greatly contributed to make life easier and give you comfort,
humanity's survival depends from the countryside. Because, with the sea, is the
only source of food and drinking water, and the last support to an autonomous
and balanced biological activity, essential to the continuation of life on
Earth. Therefore, the activity of Rural society is the only one that remains
obligatory, all the others being optional, whether the urban-industrial society
realizes it or not.
But the essential condition are a peaceful world, a
common future: because without peace, everything is lost, and first all,
liberty will be lost.
III.
This research, concerning the environmental philosophy
in the West, leds to establish a critical principle, the ethical responsibility
face to nature and to the transformation of Kantian concept of human reason,
into environmental reason, creating new philosopheme, like the concepts of the Land Ethic and Animal ethics, and new imperatives as “ethical
imperative of dignity” and the “imperative of perpetual peace”
Ecocivilization it is a new stage of the common
development of human civilization
Ecological Socialism and Ecological Civilization are
two new concepts of political philosophy, associated with the concept of New
Era, that remain insufficiently studied around the world. The scientific view
of development seeks a comprehensive and sustainable change of politics,
economics, society, culture, and theory – a transformation of civilization. And
so, the period between now and 2050 will be crucial in determining whether
China can complete this transformation from traditional to eco-industrial civilization.
Western model of industrial modernization ( in the
West and in USSR) historically results
in serious conflicts with the environment and natural resources in developing
countries. In this sense, the ecological wisdom heritage of in Chinese civilization
is an important component of the ecological civilization.
The fowling thesis can systematize the Chinese perspective
of the dialectic socialism and ecological civilization: An ecological
civilization is possible only with socialism. Ecological civilization
represents a new humanism, without the domination of nature. Having transcended
the industrial civilization, the ecological civilization represents a more
advanced state of human civilization
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